Precision high-frequency capacitor formed on semiconductor substrate

ABSTRACT

A precision high-frequency capacitor includes a dielectric layer formed on the front side surface of a semiconductor substrate and a first electrode on top of the dielectric layer. The semiconductor substrate is heavily doped and therefore has a low resistivity. A second electrode, insulated from the first electrode, is also formed over the front side surface. In one embodiment, the second electrode is connected by a metal-filled via to a layer of conductive material on the back side of the substrate. In alternative embodiments, the via is omitted and the second electrode is either in electrical contact with the substrate or is formed on top of the dielectric layer, yielding a pair of series-connected capacitors. ESD protection for the capacitor can be provided by a pair of oppositely-directed diodes formed in the substrate and connected in parallel with the capacitor. To increase the capacitance of the capacitor while maintaining a low effective series resistance, each of the electrodes may include a plurality of fingers, which are interdigitated with the fingers of the other electrode. The capacitor is preferably fabricated in a wafer-scale process concurrently with numerous other capacitors on the wafer, and the capacitors are then separated from each other by a conventional dicing technique.

This is a divisional of application Ser. No. 10/208,599 filed on Jul. 29, 2002 now U.S. Pat. No. 6,621,143.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This invention is related to application No. 09/545,287 by Kasem et al., filed Apr. 7, 2000, entitled “Vertical Structure And Process For Semiconductor Wafer-Level Chip Scale Packages”, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to semiconductor technology and in particular to the formation of a high-frequency capacitor on a semiconductor substrate.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Higher frequencies are increasingly being used in communications technology. For example, frequencies in the range of 450 MHz to 3 GHz are used in cellular communications and frequencies in the range of 10 GHz to 18 GHz are used in satellite video and data transmission.

These applications require small, precise capacitors. Multi-layer ceramic capacitors have been employed for this purpose, but they tend to be lacking in precision and performance. Thin film capacitors have improved precision and performance but they are expensive.

Accordingly, there is a need for a precision high-frequency capacitor that can be manufactured at a reasonable cost.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In accordance with this invention, a precision high-frequency capacitor is formed on a heavily-doped semiconductor substrate having first and second principal surfaces. The capacitor includes a dielectric layer on the first principal surface of the substrate and a main electrode layer on the dielectric layer. A conductive layer is formed on the second principal surface of the substrate. A via containing a conductive material extends through the substrate. A second electrode layer is formed over the first principal surface of the substrate, adjacent an opening of the via. The second electrode is electrically connected to the conductive layer by means of the conductive material in the via. Thus, when a voltage difference is applied to the electrodes, the main electrode layer and the substrate act as the “plates” of the capacitor, separated by the dielectric layer.

In an alternative embodiment, the via is omitted, and the second electrode layer, electrically insulated from the first electrode layer, is formed over the first principal surface of the substrate. In one version, the second electrode is separated from the substrate by the dielectric layer, creating in effect a pair of series-connected capacitors, with the substrate representing the common terminal between the capacitors. In another version, the second electrode is in electrical contact with the substrate, creating a single capacitor. Each of the electrode layers may include a plurality of fingers, with the fingers being interdigitated. The dielectric layer, often an oxide, may be thinner under the fingers than under the “palm” portions of the electrode layers from which the fingers protrude.

Capacitors in accordance with this invention exhibit numerous advantages as compared with prior art capacitors. They can be fabricated at a wafer level with a very low effective series resistance (ESR). They can function at very tight tolerances (e.g., <2%) throughout their operational range and can operate at very high frequencies (e.g., up to 5 GHz and higher). They can have a quality (Q) factor, for example, that is much higher than 1000 at 1 MHz.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

This invention will be best understood by reference to the following drawings, in which like components have the same reference numeral. The drawings are not necessarily drawn to scale.

FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of a capacitor in accordance with the invention containing a via through the substrate.

FIG. 1A is a graph showing the Q of a capacitor in accordance with this invention, i.e., the ratio of the imaginary part of the impedance to the real part of the impedance, as a function of frequency.

FIGS. 2A–2J illustrate the steps of a process that can be used to fabricate the capacitor of FIG. 1.

FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of a capacitor in accordance with this invention containing two electrodes on the same surface of the substrate.

FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view of a capacitor with trenches formed under each of the electrodes.

FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view of a capacitor similar to the capacitor shown in FIG. 3 except that one of the electrodes is electrically connected to the substrate.

FIG. 6 is a top view of a capacitor wherein the electrodes have fingers interdigitated with each other.

FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional view of the capacitor shown in FIG. 6 showing that the dielectric layer is thinner under the fingers.

FIG. 8 is a circuit diagram of an ESD-protected capacitor containing a pair of oppositely-directed diodes.

FIG. 9 is a cross-sectional view of an ESD-protected capacitor in accordance with this invention.

FIGS. 10 a and 10 b are graphs showing simulated breakdown characteristics of an ESD-protected capacitor of the kind shown in FIG. 9.

FIG. 11 is a graph showing the simulated effective capacitance of the ESD-protected capacitor.

DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The principles of this invention will be described by reference to the following embodiments, which are illustrative only.

FIG. 1 shows a cross-sectional view of a first embodiment according to the invention. Capacitor 10 is formed on an N+ silicon substrate 102. Substrate 102 may be doped to a concentration of 3 to 4×10¹⁹ cm⁻³, for example, and may have a resistivity of about 2 MΩ-cm and as high as about 3 mΩ-cm. A dielectric layer 104 is formed on the front surface of substrate 102. Dielectric layer 104 is formed of SiO₂, which may be thermally grown or deposited by chemical vapor deposition (CVD). Alternatively, layer 104 could be formed of another dielectric such as a nitride or a combination of an oxide and a nitride. A thermally-grown oxide is reliable and reproducible and can withstand electric fields up to 4 MV/cm without deterioration. The 3σ variability of the thickness of a thermally-grown oxide thicker than 0.1 μm is less than 1.5%.

On top of dielectric layer 104 is a main electrode 106 and a second electrode 108. Electrodes 106 and 108 can be a single- or multi-layer structure, and can be made of doped polysilicon, a refractory metal, a refractory metal silicide, an aluminum-based alloy, copper or combination of the foregoing materials. If they are formed of metal, electrode 106 may include a “seed” or “barrier” layer of a metal (e.g., Ta/Cu) deposited on substrate 102 by sputtering or evaporation, overlain by a plated layer. Electrodes 106 and 108 are covered by an insulating passivation layer 110. Openings are formed in passivation layer 110, and solder balls 112 and 114 are deposited the openings to allow electrical contact to be made to the electrodes 106 and 108.

Beneath the second electrode 108, a via or through-hole 116 is formed through N+ substrate 102. A conductive material 118 such as aluminum or copper fills the via 116. The conductive material 118 contacts a conductive layer 120 which is formed on the back side of substrate 102. Conductive layer 120 may include a metal seed layer deposited on substrate 102 by sputtering or evaporation, overlain by a plated metal layer.

Capacitor 10 thus includes a first “plate” represented by main electrode 106, which is contacted via solder ball 112; and a second “plate” represented by N+ substrate 102, which is contacted via solder ball 114, second electrode 108, conductive material 118 and conductive layer 120. The “plates” are separated by dielectric layer 104.

The thickness of dielectric layer 104 can be in the range of 50 Å to 2 μm. The thinner dielectric layer 104 is, the higher the capacitance. On the other hand, the thinner dielectric layer 104 is, the lower the maximum voltage that capacitor 10 can be exposed to without damaging dielectric layer 104. For example, if dielectric layer 104 is an oxide having a thickness of 0.1 μm, capacitor 10 would have a capacitance of roughly 350 pF/mm².

Silicon substrate 102 can have a thickness of 200 μm or less. Doping substrate 102 to a concentration higher than 1×10¹⁹ cm⁻³ keeps the effective series resistance (ESR) at a low level and avoids the formation of a depletion layer in the substrate. For example, the ESR for a silicon substrate doped to a concentration of 2×10¹⁹ cm⁻³ was only 2.4 mΩmm².

In addition, it is desirable that the Q factor of the capacitor be higher than 1000 at 1 MHz. The Q factor is defined by the following equation:

$Q = \frac{X_{C}}{R_{S}}$ where X_(C) is the impedance and R_(S) is the series resistance of the capacitor at a particular frequency.

FIG. 1A is a plot of X_(C) and R_(S) as a function of frequency for capacitor 10, described above, wherein the thickness of the oxide dielectric layer 104 is 0.1 μm and the N+ silicon substrate is doped to 2×10¹⁹ cm⁻³. As shown, the Q factor of the capacitor is higher than 100 up to a frequency of about 2 GHz and is greater than 1000 at 100 MHz.

While capacitor 10 can be fabricated by a number of processes, FIGS. 2A–2J illustrate the steps of one process that may be used.

As shown in FIG. 2A, the process begins with N+ silicon substrate 102. Preferably, substrate 102 is one die of a wafer that will be separated from the other dice at the completion of the process. Substrate 102 may or may not include an epitaxial layer.

Dielectric layer 104 is formed by growing an oxide (SiO₂) layer thermally on the front (top) surface of substrate 102. For example, a 0.2 μm thick oxide layer can be grown by heating the substrate to 1100° C. for 6 minutes in a wet atmosphere.

Referring to FIG. 2B, a barrier layer 202 of Ta/Cu is sputtered over the entire surface of oxide layer 104. Layer 202 can be 0.5 to 1.0 μm thick, for example. A photoresist layer 204 is deposited and patterned as shown in FIG. 2B to define where the main electrode will be located.

A copper layer 206 is plated onto the exposed portions of Ta/Cu layer 202, and photoresist layer 204 is removed, leaving the structure shown in FIG. 2C.

The front side of substrate 102 is then taped or otherwise supported, and substrate 102 is thinned from the back side. Substrate 102 may be thinned by grinding its back side. Alternatively, other thinning techniques such as wet etching and vacuum plasma etching can be used to thin substrate 102. Another possibility is the atmospheric downstream plasma (ADP) plasma etching system available from Tru-Si Technologies, Inc. of Sunnyvale, Calif. Substrate 102, which can initially be in the range of 625 μm thick, can be thinned to a thickness of less than 200 μm, for example.

After the thinning process has been contemplated, the tape or other support is removed. A layer 208 of Ta/Cu is sputtered or evaporated over the entire back side surface of substrate 102, and a copper layer 210 is plated onto Ta/Cu layer 208, leaving the structure shown in FIG. 2D. Copper layer 210 can be 2–3 μm thick, for example.

As shown in FIG. 2E, a photoresist layer 212 is deposited on the front side of silicon substrate 102. Photoresist layer 212 is patterned and etched to produce an opening 214. A conventional wet etch process can be used, for example. Silicon substrate 102 is etched through opening 214 to form a via 216 and thereby expose the surface of barrier layer 208. As shown in FIG. 2E, via 216 is conical in shape because silicon etches along oblique planes. Depending on the shape of opening 214, via 216 could be any shape.

As shown in FIG. 2F, photoresist layer 212 is then removed, and a seed layer 218 of Ta/Cu is sputtered onto the entire front side surface of the structure. Ta/Cu layer 218 can be 0.5–1.0 μm thick, for example.

As shown in FIG. 2G, a photoresist layer 220 is deposited and patterned, leaving a portion of the Ta/Cu layer 218 in the vicinity of the via 216 exposed.

As shown in FIG. 2H, a copper layer 222 is plated onto the exposed portions of Ta/Cu layer 218, filling via 216 and overflowing onto the surface of substrate 102.

As shown in FIG. 2I, photoresist layer 220 is removed and Ta/Cu layer 218 is etched, leaving the copper layer 222 in place.

As shown in FIG. 2J, a passivation layer 224 is formed and patterned over the surface of the structure by screen printing, with openings that expose portions of copper layers 206 and 222. Solder bumps 226 and 228 are formed on the exposed portions of copper layers 206 and 222. The result is capacitor 10 shown in FIG. 1, which can be mounted on a printed circuit board (PCB) or other structure, using flip-chip mounting techniques. Optionally, a second passivation layer 230 can be formed on the back side of the structure.

Capacitor 10 is preferably formed along with other similar capacitors on a single wafer. If so, following the fabrication of the capacitors, the die which contains capacitor 10 is separated from the other dice in the wafer by sawing the wafer along the scribe lines.

FIG. 3 shows a cross-sectional view of an alternative embodiment. Capacitor 30 is actually a pair of capacitors connected in series. A dielectric layer 302 is formed on N+ silicon substrate 102. Substrate 102 could have a doping concentration of 2×10¹⁹ cm⁻³, for example, and layer 302 could be thermally-grown oxide with a thickness of 0.1 μm. A metal layer is deposited on dielectric layer 302 and is patterned, using normal photolithographic processes, to form a first electrode 304 and a second electrode 306. A passivation layer 308 is deposited on the top surface of the structure. Openings are formed in passivation layer 308, and solder balls 310 and 312 are formed as described above.

While capacitor 30 is simpler and less expensive to fabricate than, for example, capacitor 10 (FIG. 1), its capacitance is lower and its series resistance is greater. For example, the effective capacitance per unit area is up to 4 times smaller than that of a vertical structure. The series resistance increases with the square of the lateral dimension of the device.

The capacitance per unit area of capacitor 40, shown in FIG. 4, is significantly increased by the formulation of trenches 406 under electrodes 304 and 306. Dielectric layer 402 extends into trenches 304 and 306 and lines the walls thereof in the manner of a normal trench-gated MOSFET. Trenches 304 and 306 are filled with a conductive material 404, such as polysilicon, which is in electrical contact with electrodes 304 and 306. The net result is to increase the effective area of the interface between the “plates” and the dielectric layer of the capacitor.

FIG. 5 shows a cross-sectional view of a capacitor 50 which is similar to capacitor 30 shown in FIG. 3 except that the electrode 504 is in electrical contact with the N+ substrate 102. Electrode 502 is separated from substrate 102 by a dielectric layer 506 having a defined thickness. Capacitor 50 has a capacitance value per unit area similar to that of capacitor 10 shown in FIG. 1. However, the lateral placement of electrodes 502 and 504 leads to a larger effective series resistance (ESR) which is a function of the lateral dimension of the device.

FIG. 6 is a top view of a capacitor 60 in which the first electrode 602 has fingers 602 a–602 c that are interdigitated with fingers 604 a–604 d of the second electrode 604. FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional view taken at cross-section 7—7 shown in FIG. 6 (note that the scales of FIGS. 6 and 7 are not the same). In an active region 606, where the fingers are interdigitated, a thin dielectric layer 618 is formed over the substrate. A relatively thick dielectric layer 614 separates the remaining “palm” portion of electrode 602 from N+ substrate 102, and a relatively thick dielectric layer 616 separates the palm portion of electrode 604 from substrate 102.

The capacitance of capacitor 60 is determined by the number and dimensions of the fingers. As indicated in FIG. 6, electrode 604 can be separated from the N+ substrate by a dielectric layer, creating a pair of capacitors, or it can be in direct electrical contact with the N+ substrate (in the manner of electrode 504 in FIG. 5), creating a single capacitor. In many embodiments, the pitch “p” of the finger layout will be less than 300 μm. For example, a capacitor 60 wherein electrode 604 is in direct electrical contact with the substrate and the pitch of the interdigitated fingers is 250 μm (finger width of 200 μm, spacing of 50 μm) and the thin dielectric layer 618 is a 0.1 μm-thick oxide layer, has a capacitance of 150 pF/mm² and an ESR of 12 mΩ mm².

The thin dielectric layers used in precision capacitors make these devices very susceptible to damage from electrostatic discharges (ESDs). For example, ESDs can be generated by handling during the assembly process. One way to protect against ESDs is to connect a pair of oppositely-directed Zener diodes D1, D2 in parallel with the capacitor, as shown in the circuit diagram of FIG. 8. When an ESD voltage spike occurs, one of the diodes conducts in the forward direction and the other diode breaks down at a predetermined voltage and conducts in the reverse direction, thereby providing a current path around the capacitor. The voltage at which current flows in the protective path is equal to the reverse breakdown voltage of one diode plus the voltage at which the other diode conducts in the forward direction (typically about 0.5 V). (As used herein, the term “oppositely-directed” means that the diodes are connected in series with either their anodes facing each other or their cathodes facing each other, such that any current in the series path flows through one of the diodes in the forward direction and through the other diode in the reverse direction.)

In accordance with an aspect of this invention, the protective diodes can be formed in the substrate itself, as shown in the ESD-protected capacitor arrangement of FIG. 9. An N+ region 902, a P region 904 and an N+ region 906 are formed in substrate 102 beneath electrode 106. The regions are formed such that there is a first PN junction between N+ region 902 and P region 904 that represents one of the diodes and a second PN junction between P region 904 and N+ region 906 that represents the other diode. The doping concentrations of regions 902, 904 and 906 are set such that the PN junctions break down in the reverse direction at a desired voltage. The breakdown voltage depends on the doping concentration on the more lightly doped side of the PN junction and other factors that are well-known in the art. See, for example, Sze, Physics of Semiconductor Devices, 2^(nd) Ed., John Wiley & Sons (1981), pp. 99–108, which is incorporated herein by reference.

The second N+ region 906, which extends into the P region 904 as well as the N+ substrate, is used to provide a symmetrical breakdown characteristic of the diode pair. In some embodiments, N+ region 906 may be omitted.

To maintain the high RF performance capabilities of the capacitor, the impedance of the Zener diodes can be set at a level that is higher than the capacitor by a factor of 1000 or more.

Processes for forming the diodes in the substrate are well known to those skilled in the art. One such process is as follows:

-   -   1. Initially, an N-type epitaxial (epi) layer that is 2.5 μm         thick is formed on the top surface of the substrate. The doping         concentration of the epi layer is 1×10¹⁶ cm⁻³, far less than         that of the underlying portion of the substrate.     -   2. A first photoresist mask with an opening defining the active         area where the capacitor will be located is formed over the epi         layer, and phosphorus is implanted through the opening in the         mask at a dose of 8×10¹⁵ cm⁻² and an energy of 80 keV to set the         doping concentration of the epi layer to approximately the same         level as the rest of the N+ substrate (10¹⁹ cm⁻³). The first         mask is then removed.     -   3. After the phosphorus implant into the active area through the         first mask, another mask is formed over the substrate with an         opening defining where P region 904 will be located. Boron is         implanted through the opening in this mask, for example, at a         dose of 2×10¹³ cm⁻² and an energy of 80 keV, to form P region         904.     -   4. The substrate is annealed at 1150° C. for 30 minutes to drive         the phosphorus and boron implants through the epi layer.     -   5. The oxide dielectric layer 104 is thermally grown as         described above.     -   6. After the oxide layer has been grown, a third photoresist         mask is formed on the oxide layer and patterned to create         openings which define the N+ regions 902 and 906.     -   7. The oxide layer is partially etched through the openings in         the third photoresist mask to avoid the need to implant dopant         through a thick oxide film.     -   8. Phosphorus is then implanted through the openings in the         third mask and the thinned oxide layer at, for example, a dose         of 3×10¹⁵ cm⁻² and an energy of 60 keV to form N+ regions 902         and 906.     -   9. The third photoresist mask is removed, and a blanket boron         implant is performed through the oxide layer to set a surface         doping of the P-well. This can be done, for example, at a dose         of 3×10¹² cm⁻² and an energy of 60 keV. The boron dopant can be         activated by annealing at 950° C. for 30 minutes in an oxidizing         ambient.     -   10. A fourth photoresist mask is formed and patterned with an         opening over the area where contact is to be made to the N+         region 902. The oxide layer is etched through the opening to         expose N+ region 902. The fourth mask is then removed.

Following this, the process described above continues with the formation of the electrodes 106 and 108.

Numerical simulations were done to calculate the performance of the ESD-protection structure shown in FIG. 9. The dimensions of the structure were as follows:

-   -   Width (W1) of P region 904: 5 μm     -   Width (W2) of N+ region 902: 3 μm     -   Length of structure: 100 μm

FIG. 10 a shows the IV characteristic of the structure with electrode 106 biased positive with respect to electrode 114 (“accumulation bias”), and FIG. 10 b shows the IV characteristic of the structure with electrode 106 biased negative with respect to electrode 114 (“depletion bias”). As indicated, the diode pair breaks down in the range of 16–19 V in either direction. FIG. 11 shows that the effective capacitance of the combined capacitor and ESD-structure remains quite constant at about 0.15 pF throughout the frequency range from 0.1 to 10 GHz.

The embodiments of this invention described above are only illustrative, and not limiting. Numerous alternative embodiments will be apparent to persons skilled in the art from the above description. 

1. A method of fabricating a capacitor in a semiconductor substrate having a first principal surface and a second principal surface, said method comprising: forming a dielectric layer on the first principal surface of the semiconductor substrate; forming an electrical conductive layer on the second principal surface of the semiconductor substrate such that the electrical conductive layer makes contact with the second principal surface; cutting a via through the semiconductor substrate from the first principal surface to the second principal surface; depositing an electrical conductive material into the via; forming an electrode layer comprising a first portion and a second portion, the first portion being insulated from the semiconductor substrate by the dielectric layer, the second portion being in electrical contact with the electrical conductive material in the via, wherein said first portion operates as a first plate of said capacitor and wherein said semiconductor substrate operates as a second plate of said capacitor.
 2. The method as recited in claim 1 wherein the doping concentration of the semiconductor substrate is greater than 1×10¹⁹ cm⁻³.
 3. The method as recited in claim 1 wherein the thickness of said semiconductor substrate is less than 200 microns.
 4. The method as recited in claim 1 wherein the dielectric layer comprises an oxide.
 5. The method as recited in claim 1 wherein the thickness of the dielectric layer is greater than or equal to 0.005 micron.
 6. The method as recited in claim 1 further comprising forming a passivation layer overlying the first portion and the second portion, a first opening being formed in the passivation layer over the first portion and a second opening being formed in the passivation layer over the second portion.
 7. The method as recited in claim 6 further comprising forming a first metal ball in the first opening and a second metal ball in the second opening, the first metal ball being electrically connected to the first portion, the second metal ball being electrically connected to the second portion. 